Let's learn some terms!
Absolute Truth: Absolute Truths are things that cannot (or should not) be argued or questioned. Absolute Truths exist always, no matter the circumstances. The idea of Absolute Truth was strongly endorsed by Socrates and Plato, and by Aristotle as well.
Arête: A subset of ethos, this word means character or virtue. If you're employing arête, you are implying to the audience that you're a stand-up guy or gal who would never be dishonest, because that's just not your personality.
Artistic Proofs: Rather than inartistic proofs, which consist of interpreting existing evidence, artistic proofs involve the construction of material. Ethos, pathos, and logos all fall under the umbrella of artistic proofs. (Bizzell and Herzberg).
Dialectic: Dialectic was a method used by Socrates and Plato, as well as Aristotle. This question-and-answer based dialogue was mean to be rigorous and void of emotion in order to lead one to the Absolute Truth (or in Aristotle's case, a probable truth).
Dissoi Logoi: Dissoi Logoi is a sophistic method of debate in order to determine the strongest probable truth. Though of course nothing is absolute, this method helps us weed out the best potential answers to questions, even if we can never know their true answers.
Enthymeme: Enthymemes are sort of paired up with syllogisms as another subset of logos. Enthymemes are often generalizations that omit the minor or major premise of a syllogism, therefore shortening it but also making an assumption that the audience has some previous knowledge of the situation.
For example, "Jenny is a Beta Theta, so she can drink a lot." The major premise is omitted here, which would be that Beta Thetas can drink a lot. Enthymemes deal specifically with probable truths.
Epistemology: Epistemology, or more accurately, epistemologies, are ways of thinking about the world. Different epistemologies present different ways of answering the question "How do we know what we know?"
Ethos: This appeal is meant to give the audience the impression that you're a good and trustworthy person (even if you aren't!) Including ethos establishes your credibility as a speaker and should make the audience more willing to believe what you're saying because (in theory) you're trustworthy.
Eunoia: A subset of ethos, eunoia is concerned with goodwill towards the audience. When employing eunoia, you're saying to the audience that they should listen to you because you have their best interests at heart.
Inductive vs. Deductive: These terms are subsets of logos. Inductive reasoning starts with specific examples and ends with a general claim. Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement and ends up at a specific example to support that. Both kinds of reasoning can be implemented into a presentation to make it more persuasive to the audience.
Kairos: Kairos is essentially the most opportune time to do something. Though perhaps unattainable, it is something the Sophists considered when using rhetoric: What time would someone be most likely to accept and be swayed by their words?
Logos: Logos uses facts, figures, statistics, and other data to convince the audience that your argument is sturdy and well-researched and therefore, should be trusted.
Maxim: A subset of logos, maxims cite authority and can also serve was premises for enthymemes (Bizzell and Herzberg).
Noumenal World (aka World of Forms): The noumenal world is an idea created by Socrates and Plato. This world is a perfect world where Absolute Truths reside and are readily available. We reside in the nominal world before we are born, and those Absolute Truths are known to us until we are born into the physical world and must recollect them. Our physical world is an imperfect imitation of the noumenal world.
Pathos: This appeal is used when tapping into the emotions of the audience in an attempt to get them to connect with your point, and ultimately agree with you. Examples of pathos would be stories of sad dogs in ASPCA ads, or photos of abused animals in PETA campaigns. This appeal was actually Aristotle's least favorite to use, but still found it necessary.
Phronesis: This is a subset of ethos, AKA one way to make yourself look like a credible person. This word specifically means "wisdom," so if you're employing phronesis, you're giving the audience the impression that you are wise.
Probable Truth: This one is a bit hard to define, but it's essentially a Sophistic and Aristotelian idea signifying the absence of Absolute Truth. Sophists were the original driving force behind this idea, saying that nothing is absolute and everything is relative.
Rhetoric: In general terms, rhetoric is some type of communication (speaking, writing) intended to persuade or suggest a certain action. However, in Ancient Greece, rhetoric was specifically speech presented to a public audience in order to persuade them.
Syllogism: A syllogism is a subset of logos. Syllogisms work by starting off with a general claim and drawing a conclusion from that claim. Syllogisms deal specifically with Absolute Truths. For example:
1. Men are mortal (Major assumption)
2. Socrates is a man
3. Therefore Socrates is mortal (Minor assumption)
Arête: A subset of ethos, this word means character or virtue. If you're employing arête, you are implying to the audience that you're a stand-up guy or gal who would never be dishonest, because that's just not your personality.
Artistic Proofs: Rather than inartistic proofs, which consist of interpreting existing evidence, artistic proofs involve the construction of material. Ethos, pathos, and logos all fall under the umbrella of artistic proofs. (Bizzell and Herzberg).
Dialectic: Dialectic was a method used by Socrates and Plato, as well as Aristotle. This question-and-answer based dialogue was mean to be rigorous and void of emotion in order to lead one to the Absolute Truth (or in Aristotle's case, a probable truth).
Dissoi Logoi: Dissoi Logoi is a sophistic method of debate in order to determine the strongest probable truth. Though of course nothing is absolute, this method helps us weed out the best potential answers to questions, even if we can never know their true answers.
Enthymeme: Enthymemes are sort of paired up with syllogisms as another subset of logos. Enthymemes are often generalizations that omit the minor or major premise of a syllogism, therefore shortening it but also making an assumption that the audience has some previous knowledge of the situation.
For example, "Jenny is a Beta Theta, so she can drink a lot." The major premise is omitted here, which would be that Beta Thetas can drink a lot. Enthymemes deal specifically with probable truths.
Epistemology: Epistemology, or more accurately, epistemologies, are ways of thinking about the world. Different epistemologies present different ways of answering the question "How do we know what we know?"
Ethos: This appeal is meant to give the audience the impression that you're a good and trustworthy person (even if you aren't!) Including ethos establishes your credibility as a speaker and should make the audience more willing to believe what you're saying because (in theory) you're trustworthy.
Eunoia: A subset of ethos, eunoia is concerned with goodwill towards the audience. When employing eunoia, you're saying to the audience that they should listen to you because you have their best interests at heart.
Inductive vs. Deductive: These terms are subsets of logos. Inductive reasoning starts with specific examples and ends with a general claim. Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement and ends up at a specific example to support that. Both kinds of reasoning can be implemented into a presentation to make it more persuasive to the audience.
Kairos: Kairos is essentially the most opportune time to do something. Though perhaps unattainable, it is something the Sophists considered when using rhetoric: What time would someone be most likely to accept and be swayed by their words?
Logos: Logos uses facts, figures, statistics, and other data to convince the audience that your argument is sturdy and well-researched and therefore, should be trusted.
Maxim: A subset of logos, maxims cite authority and can also serve was premises for enthymemes (Bizzell and Herzberg).
Noumenal World (aka World of Forms): The noumenal world is an idea created by Socrates and Plato. This world is a perfect world where Absolute Truths reside and are readily available. We reside in the nominal world before we are born, and those Absolute Truths are known to us until we are born into the physical world and must recollect them. Our physical world is an imperfect imitation of the noumenal world.
Pathos: This appeal is used when tapping into the emotions of the audience in an attempt to get them to connect with your point, and ultimately agree with you. Examples of pathos would be stories of sad dogs in ASPCA ads, or photos of abused animals in PETA campaigns. This appeal was actually Aristotle's least favorite to use, but still found it necessary.
Phronesis: This is a subset of ethos, AKA one way to make yourself look like a credible person. This word specifically means "wisdom," so if you're employing phronesis, you're giving the audience the impression that you are wise.
Probable Truth: This one is a bit hard to define, but it's essentially a Sophistic and Aristotelian idea signifying the absence of Absolute Truth. Sophists were the original driving force behind this idea, saying that nothing is absolute and everything is relative.
Rhetoric: In general terms, rhetoric is some type of communication (speaking, writing) intended to persuade or suggest a certain action. However, in Ancient Greece, rhetoric was specifically speech presented to a public audience in order to persuade them.
Syllogism: A syllogism is a subset of logos. Syllogisms work by starting off with a general claim and drawing a conclusion from that claim. Syllogisms deal specifically with Absolute Truths. For example:
1. Men are mortal (Major assumption)
2. Socrates is a man
3. Therefore Socrates is mortal (Minor assumption)